نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.
2 موسسه تحقیقات پنبه کشور، گرگان، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Cold storage is a common technique to prolong the shelf life of the mass-reared natural enemies in insectaries. In this research, one-day and two-day old eggs of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea were stored in refrigerator (5±1°C, and full darkness) for 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 30 days and egg hatching rate, survival and developmental times of larva and pupa as well as longevity and fecundity of adult females were subsequently assessed. Hatching percentage of both one-day and two-day old eggs did not negatively reduce for up to 7 days of cold storage (37.5 and 39.2 hatching percentages, respectively), but a significant reduction was observed in longer storage durations and reached to 0 percent after 30 days. The effect of “age” factor on egg hatching rate was largely dependent on cold storage duration. Therefore, there was no significant difference between hatching rates of one-day old eggs compared with that of two-day old eggs up to 14 days of cold storage, while hatching percentage of two-day old eggs was significantly lower compared with that of one-day old eggs at 21 days cold storage duration. Cold storage of one-day and two-day old eggs had no adverse effect on the larval survival rates up to 14 and 10 days, respectively. But larval developmental time increased significantly even after a short 3-days duration of cold storage.Moreover, cold storage of one-day old eggs for 7 days and two-day old eggs for 3 days significantly reduced female fecundity (37.5 and 66.1 percent, respectively).In conclusion, one-day old eggs can be cold stored for up to 5 days, and cold storing of two-day old eggs is not recommended because of its high subsequent adverse effects on female longevity and fecundity.
Abstract
Cold storage is a common technique to prolong the shelf life of the mass-reared natural enemies in insectaries. In this research, one-day and two-day old eggs of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea were stored in refrigerator (5±1°C, and full darkness) for 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 30 days and egg hatching rate, survival and developmental times of larva and pupa as well as longevity and fecundity of adult females were subsequently assessed. Hatching percentage of both one-day and two-day old eggs did not negatively reduce for up to 7 days of cold storage (37.5 and 39.2 hatching percentages, respectively), but a significant reduction was observed in longer storage durations and reached to 0 percent after 30 days. The effect of “age” factor on egg hatching rate was largely dependent on cold storage duration. Therefore, there was no significant difference between hatching rates of one-day old eggs compared with that of two-day old eggs up to 14 days of cold storage, while hatching percentage of two-day old eggs was significantly lower compared with that of one-day old eggs at 21 days cold storage duration. Cold storage of one-day and two-day old eggs had no adverse effect on the larval survival rates up to 14 and 10 days, respectively. But larval developmental time increased significantly even after a short 3-days duration of cold storage.Moreover, cold storage of one-day old eggs for 7 days and two-day old eggs for 3 days significantly reduced female fecundity (37.5 and 66.1 percent, respectively).In conclusion, one-day old eggs can be cold stored for up to 5 days, and cold storing of two-day old eggs is not recommended because of its high subsequent adverse effects on female longevity and fecundity.
Keywords:Biological control, Low temperature, Mass rearing, Natural enemy, Shelf life
مقدمه
راسته بالتوریها (Neuroptera) شامل ششهزار گونه و 17 خانواده مختلف میباشد که از میان آنها خانواده Chrysopidae(بالتوریهای سبز یا شیرشتهها)، از نظر کنترل بیولوژیک آفات اهمیت بیشتری دارد (Shojaei 1997; Tauber et al. 2009). در اغلب اکوسیستمهای کشاورزی ایران، گونه Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (بالتوری سبز معمولی)، به عنوان گونه غالب گزارش شده است (Heidari 1995; Mirmoayedi 1998; Afshari et al. 2006; Golmohammadi et al. 2012; Modarres Awal 2012; Hassanpour et al. 2014). لاروهای این بالتوری شکارگر هستند و به طیف گستردهای از آفات کشاورزی از جمله شتهها، شپشکهای گیاهی، تریپسها، سفیدبالکها، پسیلها، کنههای گیاهی و تخم و لاروهای جوان بالپولکداران حمله میکنند (Tauber et al. 2009). پراکنش جغرافیایی و دامنه میزبانی گسترده، قدرت جستجوگری و تغذیه بالا و مقاومت نسبی به حشرهکشها باعث شدهاند تا بالتوری سبز همواره به عنوان یک گزینه مطلوب در برنامههای کنترل بیولوژیک مد نظر باشد (Jooyandeh 1995; Shojaei 1997). پرورش انبوه این شکارگر از حدود 70 سال پیش آغاز شد و امروزه از تخم میزبانهای جایگزینی که به سهولت در انسکتاریومها قابل پرورش هستند، مانند شبپره مدیترانهای آرد، Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)و بید غلات، Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.)، جهت پرورش انبوه آن استفاده میشود (Jooyandeh 1995; Barri Dizaj et al. 2009, 2012; Lakzaei et al. 2011).
ذخیرهسازی در دمای پایین یک روش مرسوم جهت افزایش ماندگاری دشمنان طبیعی و فراهم ساختن یک ذخیره پایدار از آنها برای استفاده در برنامههای کنترل بیولوژیک محسوب میشود. این روش اگرچهامکان رهاسازی به موقع و سریع دشمنان طبیعی را در زمان طغیان آفت فراهم میسازد، اما کاهش احتمالی کیفیت دشمنان طبیعی در طول مدت ذخیرهسازی یکی از محدودیت مهم آن میباشد (Colinet & Boivin 2011).ذخیرهسازی در سرما ممکن است جنبههای مختلف زندگی شکارگر مانند زندهمانی مراحل مختلف نشوونمایی، طول دوره نشوونمای مراحل نابالغ، طول عمر حشرات کامل، زادآوری حشرات ماده و نسبت جنسی را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد (Ricci et al. 2006; Coudron et al. 2007; Ruan et al. 2012; Awad et al. 2013; Yanik & Ünlü, 2015). به همین دلیل، آگاهی از عوامل موثر بر کارایی ذخیرهسازی در سرما و تلاش برای بهینهسازی آنها همواره مورد توجه محققان بوده
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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