اثرات کشندگی حشره‌کش‌های آزادیراختین، اسپیرومسیفن و تیامتوکسام روی سفید بالک گلخانهTrialeurodes vaporariorum و زنبور پارازیتوئید آن Encarsia formosa

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه. ایران.

2 موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

کاربرد آفت­کش­ها رویکرد اصلی برای مدیریت سفیدبالک گلخانه Trialeurodes vaporariorum  می باشد، بر این اساس اثر حشره­کش­های آزادیراختین، اسپیرومسیفن و تیامتوکسام روی سفیدبالک و زنبور پارازیتوئید آن Gahan Encarsia formosa مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در ارزیابی میزان کشندگی تیمارها روی مراحل تخم و پوره سن سوم سفیدبالک بیشترین اثر کشندگی به ترتیب مربوط به اسپیرومسیفن در مرحله تخم با LC50 معادل 55/89 و تیامتوکسام در پوره سن سوم  با  LC50معادل 25/76 بود. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس تلفات تیمارها روی زنبور پارازیتوئید E. formosa بعد از هفت روز نشان داد که آزادیراختین دارای کمترین اثر سوء با 60 درصد ظهور زنبورها و تیامتوکسام بیشترین اثر سوء با 12درصد ظهور را داشت. در ارزیابی ترجیح تخم­ریزی زنبور E. formosa در بین تیمار حشره کش­ها علی­رغم تخم­ریزی بالای زنبور پارازیتوئید در دزهای پایین تیامتوکسام و اسپیرومسیفن ولی بیشترین تفریخ تخم مربوط به آزادیراختین بود. همچنین در ارزیابی کارآیی حشره‌کش­ها در گلخانه، علیه پوره سفیدبالک درصد تاثیر تیمارها در فواصل زمانی سه، هفت و 14 روز پس از سمپاشی نشان داد بیشترین اثر روی جمعیت پوره در سه روز پس از سمپاشی با80 درصد مرگ و میر مربوط به تیمار تیامتوکسام ولی در روز هفتم و چهاردهم پس از سمپاشی، بترتیب با 47/96 و 77/95% مرگ و میر مربوط به آفت‌کش گیاهی آزادیراختین بود. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق در جمعیت بالای این آفت اسپیرومسیفن و تیامتوکسام موثر واقع شدند اما در برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی این آفت استفاده هم­زمان زنبور E. formosa با سم گیاهی آزادیراختین قابل توصیه می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Lethal effects of azadirachtin, spiromesifen and thiamethoxam insecticides on the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and it’s parasitoid Encarsia formosa

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mayram Foruzan 1
  • Hossein Nouri 2
1 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbaijan Province, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
2 Iranian research Institute of Plant Protection , Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO),Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Pesticides application is the main approach to manage Trialeurodes vaporariorum Therefore, the effects of azadirachtin, spiromesifen and thiamtoxam on whitefly and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa were investigated. In evaluating the lethal concentration of the treatments on eggs and 3rd nymph of whitefly, the highest lethal effect (LC50) was on egg and 3rd nymphal stage by spiromesifen and thiamtoxam were 89.55 and 76.25 ppm, respectively. The results of analysis of variance of treatment mortality on E. formosa after seven days showed that azadirachtin had the least adverse effect with 60% emergence of parasitoides and thiamtoxam had the highest adverse effect with 12% emergence for E. formosa. In assessment of the oviposition preference of E. formosa, among pesticide treatments, despite highest oviposition in low concentration of thiamtoxam and spiromesifen, but the highest egg hatching was related to azadirachtin. Also, the effectiveness of insecticides against whitefly nymphs in greenhouse and laboratory conditions was compared. The percentage of effect of treatments three, seven and 14 days after spraying showed that the greatest effect on nymphal stage was related to thiamethoxam with 80% mortality in three days after spraying, but in seventh and fourteenth days after spraying, was related to azadirachtin with 96.47 and 95.77% mortality, respectively. According to the results of this study, spiromsifen and thiamtoxam were effective in high population of this insect, but in integrated management program simultaneous use of E. formosa with azadirachtin is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lethal
  • Trialeurodes vaporariorum
  • Encarsia formosa
  • Relative toxicity
  • Oviposition preference
References
Abbas Q, Arif  MJ, Gogi MD, Abbas SK, Karar H, 2012. Performance of imidacloprid, thiomethoxam, acetamiprid and a biocontrol agant (Chrysoperla carnea) against whitefly, jassid and thrips on different cotton cultivares. World Journal of Zoology 7: 141–146.
 Allahyari R, Aramideh Sh, Safaralizadeh MH, Rezapanah MR, Michaud JP, 2020. Synergy between parasitoids and pathogens for biological control of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in chickpea. Insects in Agroecosystems 168: 70–75.
Amjad M, Bashir MH, Afzal M, Ahsan Khan M, 2009. Efficacy of some insecticides against whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. infesting cotton under field conditions. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Science 7(2): 140–143.
Ayelo PM, Yusuf A, Pirk CW, Mohamed SA, Chailleux A, Deletre E, 2021. The role of Trialeurodes vaporariorum infested tomato plant volatiles in the attraction of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 47(2):192–203.
Bi JL, Toscano NC, 2007. Current of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Southern California. Pest Management Science 63(8): 747–752.
Bleeker PM, Diergaarde PJ, Ament K, Guerra J, Weidner M, Schutz S, Schuurink RC, 2009. The role of specific tomato volatiles in tomato-whitefly interaction. Plant Physiology 151:925–935. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.142661.

Boeke SJ, Boersma MG, Alink GM, van Loon JJ, van Huis A, Dicke M, Rietjens IM, 2004. Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94: 25–41.

Carvalho GA, Godoy MS, Parreira DS, Lasmar O, Souza JR, Oscardina VF, 2010. Selectivity of growth regulators and neonicotinoids for adults of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología 36: 195-201.
de Veire MV, Tirry L, 2003. Side effects of pesticides on four species of beneficial used in IPM in glasshouse vegetable crops: “worst case” laboratory tests pesticides and beneficial organisms. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 26 (5): 41–50.
Feldhege M, Schmutterer H, 1993. Investigations on side-effects of Margosan-O on Encarsia formosa Gah. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homomptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Applied Entomolgy 115: 37–42.
Ghahari M, Tabari M, Rakhshani H, 2004. Effect of imidacloprid insecticide on Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Agricultural Journal 6(2):39-52 (in Persian with English abstract).
Gholamzadeh M, Ghadamyari M, Salehi L, Hoseini Naveh V, 2012. Effects of amitraz, buprofezin and propargite on some fitness parameters of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), using life table and IOBC methods. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 31(2): 1–14.
Gogi MD, Syed AH, Atta B, Sufyan M, Arif MJ, et al., 2021. Efficacy of biorational insecticides against Bemisia tabaci Genn and their selectivity for its parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan on B.t cotton. Scientific Reports 11(1): 1–12.
Gorman K, Hewitt F, Denholm I, Devine GJ, 2002. New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science 58(2):123–130.
Gorman K, Devine G, Bennison J, Coussons P, Punchard N, et al., 2007. Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Pest Management Science: Formerly Pesticide Science 63(6): 555–558.

He Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Guo Q, Ali S, Chen ZS, Qiu B, 2018. Risk assessment of two insecticides on Encarsia formosa, parasitoid of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Insects 9:116129.

Hassan, SA, 1992. Guidelines for testing the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. IOBC/WPRS Bull 15: 1–186.

Heidari A, Kishani Farahani H, Fathipour Y, 2016. Effects of buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin on some foraging behaviors of Encarsia formosa, Journal of Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 83(2): 97–110 (in Persian with English abstract).
Hosseini Naveh F, Poormirza AA, Safaralizadeh MH, 2010. Evaluation of effects of primicarb, citowett oil and the mixture of either compound on Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Myzus persicae in greenhouse. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 41(1): 95–101 (in Persian with English abstract).
Jones DR, 2003. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109(3): 195–219.
Kim YJ, Lee SW, Choi JR, Park HM, Ahn YJ, 2007. Multiple resistance and biochemical mechanisms of dicofol resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 10(2): 165–170.
Kumar P, Poehling HM, 2007. Effects of azadirachtin, abamectin and spinosad on sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in the humid tropics. Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 411–420.
Kumar P, Poehling HM, Christian B, 2005. Effects of different application methods of azadirachtin against sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci on tomato plants. Journal of Applied Entomology 129(9-10): 489–497.
Liu TX, 2004. Toxicity and efficacy of spiromesifen, a tetronic acid insecticide, against sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on melons and collards. Crop Protection 23(6): 505–513.
Longhurst C, Babcock JM, Denholm I, Gorman K, Thomas JD, et al., 2013. Cross resistance relationships of the sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor with neonicotinoids and other insecticides in the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Pest Management Science 69(7): 809–813.
Luo Ch, Liu TX, 2011. Fitness of Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science 18: 84–91.

Maienfisch P, Huerlimann H, Rindlisbacher A, Gsell L, Dettwiler H, Haettenschwiler J, Sieger E, Walti M, 2001. The discovery of thiamethoxam: a second-generation neonicotinoid. Pest Management Science 57(2):165–76.

Manlove JD, 1997. An investigation into the suitability for the inclusion of botanical insecticides in an IPM system in glasshouses. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, UK.
Mushtak Talib MA, Aqeel Adnan A, Baqir HA, Kadhim A, 2019. Evaluation of the efficacy of different neocontinoid insecticides against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on eggplant under greenhouse condition. International Conference on Agricultural Sciences. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 388: 1–6.
Nunez Lopez DC, Ramirez Godoy A, Restrepo Diaz H, 2015. Impact of kaolin particle film and synthetic insecticide applications on whitefly population Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and physiological attributes in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Crop. Journal of Society for Horticultural Science 50(10): 1503–1508.
Pappas ML, Migkou F, Broufas GD, 2013. Incidence of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in greenhouse populations of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Greece. Applied Entomology and Zoology 48(3): 373–378.
Pirmoradi Amuzgar fard N, Sheikhigarjan A, Baniameri V, Imani S, 2011. Evaluation of susceptibility of the first instar nymphs and adults of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to neonicotinoid insecticides under laboratory conditions. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 31(1): 13–24 (in Persian with English abstract).
Puntener W, 1981. Manual for field trials in plant protection second edition. Agricultural Division, Ciba-Geigy Limited.
Qaisar A, Arif MJ, Gogi MD, Abbas SK,Haider  K, 2012. Performance of imidacloprid, thiomethoxam, acetamaprid and a biocontrol agent (Chrysoperla carnea) against whitefly, jassid and thrips on different cotton cultivars. World Journal of Zoology 7: 141–146.
Qiu BL, Dang F, Li SJ, Ahmed MZ, Jin FL, Ren SX. Cuthbertson AG, 2011. Comparison of biological parameters between the invasive B biotype and a new defined Cv biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyradidae) in China. Journal of Pest Science 84(4): 419–427.
Robertson JL, Russell RM, Preisler HK, Savin NE, 2007. Pesticide bioassays with arthropods. CRC Press, pp. 199.
Safavi SA, Bakhshaei M, 2017. Biological parameters of Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) exposed to lethal and sub lethal concentrations of calypso. Journal of Crop Protection 6(3): 341–351.
Shafaei E, Hosseinzadeh A, Ghassemi Kahrizeh A,  Aramideh Sh, 2021. Lethal effects of insecticides of emamectin, spinosad, buprofezin and imidacloprid on egg and third instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum West. and it’s parasitoid (Encarsia formosa Gahan). Plant Pests Research 11(2): 25–38(in Persian with English abstract).
Schneider-Orelli O, 1947. Manual of entomology: introduction to agricultural and forest entomology. Sauerlander and Co., Aarau. (in German)
Sherratt TN, Harvey IF, 1993. Frequency dependent food selection by arthropods. A Review Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 48: 167–186.
Singh V, Sood AK, Hayat M, 2018. First record of Encarsia formosa Gahan, 1924 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood from India. Oriental insects 52(3): 313–317.
Su Q, Pan H, Liu B, Chu D, Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S, Xu B, Zhang Y, 2013. Insect symbiont facilitates vector acquisition, retention and transmission of plant virus. Scientific Reports 3(1): 1–6.
Sugiyama K, Katayama H, Saito T, 2011. Effect of insecticides on the mortalities of three whitefly parasitoid species, Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 46(3): 311–317.
Sun YP, 1950. Toxicity indexes an improved method of comparing the relative toxicity of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 43(1): 45–53.
Van Alphen JJ, Jervis MJ, 1996. Foraging behaviour. In: Jervis M. A., Kidd, N. A. C. (Eds.) Insect Natural Enemies pp.1–62.
Wang P, Zhou LL, Yang F, Liu XM, Wang Y, Lei CL,
 
Si SY, 2018. Lethal and behavioral sub lethal side effects of thiamethoxam on the predator H. armoniaaxyridisEntomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 166(8):703–712.
Web, 1401, Iran Pesticides database. Available at: https://ppo.ir/fa-IR/ppo/5186/page/
Zapata N, Vargas M, Latorre E, Roudergue X, Ceballos R, 2016. The essential oil of Laurelia sempervirens is toxic to Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia  formosaIndustrial Crops and Products 84:418–422.
Zhang L, Greenberg SM, Zhang Y, Liu T, 2011. Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton. Pest Management Science 67:226–232.