کنترل شیمیایی کرم خراط Zeuzera pyrina در باغ‌های گردو شهرستان‌های اسکو و آذرشهر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده
در این مطالعه، امکان کنترل شیمیایی لاروهای سن اول کرم خراط Zeuzera pyrina با استفاده از برخی حشره‌کش‌های رایج و زمان اوج پرواز حشرات کامل در باغ‌های گردو استان آذربایجان شرقی بررسی شد. برای این منظور، سه منطقه در باغ‌های گردو هر کدام از شهرستان‌های اسکو و آذرشهر انتخاب گردید. برای تعیین زمان اوج پرواز جفت‌یابی حشرات کامل از تله‌های فرومونی استفاده شد. سمپاشی درختان با حشره‌کش‌های کلرپایریفوس، ایمیداکلوپرید، مخلوط کلرپایریفوس + ایمیداکلوپرید، کلرپایریفوس + ایندوکساکارب، کلرپایریفوس + فن والریت و کلرپایریفوس + سایپرمترین با فاصله زمانی 12 روز تا دو هفته بعد از اوج پرواز انجام گردید. در کنار هر تیمار تعدادی درخت شاهد در نظر گرفته شد که سمپاشی نشدند. برای ارزیابی خسارت در آخر فصل رشد، بسته به مساحت قطعه، تعداد 8 تا 16 درخت به صورت تصادفی از شاهد و تیمار انتخاب و در دو اشکوب (نیمه بالایی و نیمه پایینی تاج درخت) و چهار جهت جغرافیایی، در مجموع هشت سرشاخه یک‌ساله به طول تقریبی 60 سانتی‌متر از هر درخت انتخاب و تعداد سوراخ‌های لاروی در آنها شمارش و ثبت شد. بررسی تیمارهای کنترل شیمیایی نشان داد که مخلوط سایپرمترین با کلرپایریفوس با تأثیر  75/90 % بیشترین اثر را در کاهش تعداد دالان‌های لاروی، و ایمیداکلوپرید با 5/37% کم‌ترین اثر را نسبت به شاهد داشت. تیمار کلرپایریفوس و مخلوط کلرپایریفوس با فن والریت، کلرپایریفوس با ایندوکساکارب و کلرپایریفوس با ایمیداکلوپرید به ترتیب 11/51% ، 65/87%، 33/83% و 44/79% کاهش آلودگی نسبت به شاهد نشان دادند. تمامی تیمارها در سطح احتمال 05/0 با شاهد اختلاف معنی‌دار داشتند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که می‌توان سمپاشی در زمان اوج خروج لاروهای سن اول را برای کاهش خسارت کرم خراط توصیه نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Chemical control of leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina in walnut orchards of Oskou and Azarshahr Counties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Malekzadeh
  • Roghaiyeh Karimzadeh
  • Shahzad Iranipour
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
In this study, the possibility of chemical control against 1st instar larvae of leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina  using peak flight time of adults, was assessed in walnut orchards of East Azarbaijan province. For this purpose, three areas were chosen in walnut orchards of Oskou and Azarshahr Counties. Pheromone traps were used to determine the peak flight time of leopard moth. The trees were sprayed with chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos + imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos + indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos + fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin, 12 days to two weeks after the peak of flight. Unsprayed trees were considered as controls. For damage assessment at the end of the growing season, eight to 16 trees were chosen from the control and treatment plots based on the plot area. Eight samples were taken per tree stratified as four main directions (N, E, S, and W) and two canopy levels (upper and lower half of the tree crown). Each sample was a 60 cm branch terminal. The number of larval tunnels in each sample was counted and recorded separately. Chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin had the greatest effect in reducing the number of larval tunnels (90.75 %), and imidacloprid had the lowest effect (37.5 %). Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos + fenvalerate, chlorpyrifos + indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos + imidacloprid caused 51.11 %, 87.65 %, 83.33%, and 79.44 % reduction in infestation compared to control, respectively. All chemical treatments had significant difference with control at 0.05 probability level. The results of this study showed that in high populations of the pest, the use of chemical insecticide can be recommended at the peak of the emergence of first instar larvae to reduce the damage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Flight Peak
  • Pest Management
  • Insecticide Mixture
References
 
Behdad E, 1991. Pests of Fruit Trees in Iran. Bahman Publication Center, Tehran. 826 pp. (In Persian).
Chiarappa L, 1971. Crop loss assessment methods. FAO manual on the evaluation and prevention of losses by pests, disease and weeds. 123 pp.
Dolati R, Nozari J, Hosseininaveh V, 2013. Response of adult male Zeuzera pyrina (Lep.: Zeuzeridae) to different pheromone traps in walnut orchards of four isolated regions of Iran. Arthropods 2 (4): 225–230.
El-Ashry RMA, El-Sheikh MFM, Azazy AM, Arafa Olfat E, 2018. Field control of Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh and Zeuzera pyrina L. using entomopathogenic nematodes, insecticides and microbial agents. Egyptian Journal of Agronematology 17 (2):121–131.
El-Sheakh A, Hassan AEMS, Desuky W, Nabil HA, 2008. Field evaluation of certain insecticides and insect pathogen nematode against Zeuzera pyrina (Linnuaeus) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) infested olive trees in north Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Productivity and Development 13 (2): 289–293.
Esmaeili M, 1996. Important Pests of Fruit Trees. Sepehr Publication Center, Tehran. 578 pp. (In Persian).
Gratwick M, 1992. Crop Pests in the UK: Collected Edition of MAFF Leaflets. Chapman & Hall Press, UK. Pp. 126–127.
Guario A, Marinuzzi V, Bari G, 2002. Preliminary results of field control of Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera, cossidae) in Apulia. IV International Symposium on Olive Growing, September 9–13, Evora, Portugal. Pp. 815–817.
Hegazi E, Khafagi WE, Konstantopoulou M, Raptopoulos D, Tawfik H, et al., 2009. Efficient mass-trapping method as an alternative tactic for suppressing populations of leopard moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102 (5): 809–818.
Kolyaee R, Hassani D, 2014. Possibility of leopard moth control in walnut orchards through male mass trapping technique, using sex pheromone. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops 3 (1): 27–37 (In Persian with English abstract).
Kolyaee R, Avand Faghih A, Ardeh MJ, Hosiany Gharalari A, Shaykhi garjan A, et al., 2016. Integrated Management of Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep.: Cossidae). Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. 28 pp. (In Persian).
Kutinkova H, Andreev R, Arnaoudov V, 2006. The leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)- important pest in Bulgaria. Journal of Plant Protection Research 46 (2): 111–115.
Iost Filho FH, Heldens WB, Kong Z, de Lange ES, 2020. Drones: innovative technology for use in precision pest management. Journal of Economic Entomology 113 (1): 1–25.‏
Jafarlou M, 2013. Evaluation of the mating disruption efficiency in controlling leopard moth damage on walnut trees in East Azarbaijan province. 1st National Conference on the Effect of Urmia Lake Retrogression on Soil and Water Resources. October 22, Tabriz, Iran.
Merghem A, Ahmed AAA, 2017. Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) threat to olive trees, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) in Fayoum Governorate and its suppressing trials using IPM tactics. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (3): 99–107.
Mokhtarian A, Pakyari H, Sheikhi GA, Arbab A, Mohammadipour A, Ardestani RH, 2016. Chemical control of leopard moth borer Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep: Cossidae) on walnut trees by injection. 22nd Iranian Plant Protection Congress, August 27-30, Karaj, Iran. P. 754.
Nourbakhsh S, 2019. List of Important Pests, Diseases and Weeds of Major Agricultural Crops, Pesticides and Recommended Methods to Control Them. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran. 213 pp.
Öztürk N, Haziır A, Bükücü ȘB, 2016. Determining the effectiveness of mass trapping method against a walnut pest [Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)]. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 56 (2): 165–172.
Patanita MI, Vargas EO, 2011. Mass trapping for the control of the leopard moth. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 72: 73–81.
Radjabi Gh, 1986. Insects Attacking Rosaceous Fruit Trees in Iran. 2nd Volume: Lepidoptera. Plant pests & Diseases Research Institute. pp. 4–14 (In Persian).
Rohani M, Samih MA, 2012. The efficiency of pheromone traps in attracting and capturing Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in walnut orchards. International Journal of Agri Science 2 (7): 583–587.
Sabbour MM, 2017. Control of leopard Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), by imidaclorprid in olive Trees. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (3): 191–195.
Sadat Akhavi SA, 2006. Leopard Moth, an Important Pest of Fruit Trees and Non-Fruit Bearing Trees. Organization of Agriculture- Jahad of Yazd Province. Iran. 18 pp. (In Persian).
Sharifzadeh MSh, Hosseinkhani M, Abdollahzadeh Gh, 2015. Feasibility assessment of integrated pest management (IPM) of walnut Zeuzera Pyrina (leopard moth) in Baft County. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development research 46 (2): 233–246 (In Persian with English abstract).
Sheikhigarjan A, Kolyaee R, 2013. Efficacy of walnut trunk application against leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. Final Report NO: 14-16-16-8903-89012. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract).
Sheikhigarjan A, Arbabtafti R, Kolyaee R, Mohammadipour A, 2016. Efficacy of imidacloprid insectigation against leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep.: Cossidae) on walnut trees. Plant Protection 39 (2): 37–45 (In Persian with English abstract).
Tadros AW, Mesbah HA, Shehata WA, 1993. Horticultural, mechanical and chemical treatments for the reduction of Zeuzera pyrina L. infestation in pear orchards. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 71 (4): 935–942.