https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/ Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection en daily 1 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21526.html در این مطالعه سنتز نانوذرات اکسید گرافن احیا شده با نقره (Ag-rGO) و اثربخشی آنها در القای مقاومت در برابر مرگ گیاهچه در خیار ناشی از Pythium aphanidermatum را بررسی شد. فعالیت ضد قارچی مستقیم Ag-rGO علیه P. aphanidermatum نیز ارزیابی شد. فعالیت ضد قارچی با استفاده از غلظت 100 میلی‌گرم در لیتر Ag-rGO ارزیابی شد که مهار قابل توجهی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی در رشد P. aphanidermatum (حدود 90٪ کاهش در مقایسه با شاهد تیمار نشده) نشان داد. آزمایش‌های گلخانه‌ای و مزرعه‌ای کاهش بروز مرگ گیاهچه در گیاهان خیار تیمار شده با Ag-rGO (حدود 75-80٪ کاهش، در مقایسه با شاهد تیمار نشده) را نشان داد. علاوه بر این، تجزیه و تحلیل واکنش زنجیره‌ای پلیمراز در زمان واقعی (qRT-PCR) نشان داد که تیمار Ag-rGO بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با دفاع درگیر در مسیرهای سیگنالینگ اسید سالیسیلیک (SA) و اسید جاسمونیک/اتیلن (JA/ET) را تا 10 برابر (در مقایسه با شاهد تیمار نشده) افزایش می‌دهد. در نهایت، این مطالعه اولین گزارشی را ارائه می‌دهد که پتانسیل Ag-rGO را به عنوان یک استراتژی جدید برای کنترل P. aphanidermatum در خیار نشان می‌دهد. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21732.html The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi L. is recognized as a primary natural source of bioactive gibberellic acid hormone production. The present study investigates the effects of organic nitrogen sources and inorganic carbon at different moisture levels on the production of gibberellic acid by isolate 134 of this fungus, isolated from North Khorasan province, Iran. The optimization of gibberellic acid production was carried out in two culture systems, solid and submerged, and through successive screening steps. Qualitative evaluation of the metabolite was carried out using spectroscopic methods. In solid culture, four organic substrates were investigated, with soybean meal yielding an average production of 16.66 mg/g, significantly outperforming the others due to its high protein content and good degradability. The other three substrates (citrus pulp, rice bran, and wheat bran) were not statistically significantly different. Also, the effect of initial moisture content (5, 10, 15, and 20 mL) showed that 10 mL of water was the most optimal level. In submerged culture, among the four carbon sources, including glycerol, glucose, mannitol, and molasses, mannitol was the most effective, followed by molasses, glycerol, and glucose, respectively. This study provides practical and cost-effective solutions for the industrial production of gibberellic acid by identifying the best isolate (134), inexpensive substrate (soybean meal), carbon source (mannitol), and optimal moisture conditions (10 mL). Increasing the yield of the superior strain by using genetic methods, developing the production process on a semi-industrial scale through simultaneous optimization of key factors and the use of a bioreactor, evaluating the effectiveness of the final product on target plants, and ensuring the biosafety of the industrialized strain are among the proposed solutions for future research. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21741.html The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lep., Noctuidae) is an invasive pest with a global distribution that has caused significant damage to corn fields in several provinces of Iran. However, it is still listed as a foreign quarantine pest. Chemical control is an immediate measure to prevent its damage and spread. In this study, the efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole (150, 200, and 250 mL per hectare), Lufenuron + Emamectin benzoate (100 g per hectare), Lambda-cyhalothrin (150 mL per hectare), and Emamectin benzoate + Indoxacarb (400 mL per hectare) was evaluated in comparison with a control treatment, using a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications in corn fields located in the provinces of Fars, Hormozgan, and Khuzestan. The number of live larvae was counted one day before, and at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after spraying. Results showed that most of the treatments had significant effects in controlling the pest across all three provinces. However, in most of the sampling days, all three concentrations of Chlorantraniliprole exhibited a high level of efficacy in controlling the pest. The effectiveness range for Chlorantraniliprole over three weeks was 90.06 to 98.86% in Hormozgan, 71.52 to 90% in Fars and approximately 70% in Khuzestan during the first two weeks after spraying. Additionally, Lufenuron + Emamectin benzoate (88.96%) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (82.38%) were also effective in Hormozgan. Based on the results, a dosage of 150 mL per hectare of Chlorantraniliprole is recommended, and to prevent resistance, the other insecticides can be used in alternation. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20878.html The gray mold disease of grapes, caused by the Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important grape diseases, leading to substantial economic losses annually. Today, synthetic chemical pesticides are widely used to control plant pathogens. However, their use is often limited due to environmental issues, pesticide residues, health concerns, and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains. Therefore, in the present study, to find safe alternatives to synthetic chemical compounds, the antifungal activity of essential oils from several plant species, including oregano, cumin, eucalyptus, and copper oxide nanoparticles, together with the fungicides Luna (Trifloxystrobin+Fluopyram) and Topas (Penconazole), was investigated against B. cinerea under in vitro conditions. The identification of the components of the essential oils was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that oregano essential oil at a concentration of 1000 ppm exhibited the highest inhibition rate (71.42%), while the Luna fungicide at a concentration of 62.5 ppm showed the lowest inhibition rate (1.7%). Additionally, GC-MS analysis revealed that α-Pinene, Pulegone, and β-Pinene were the major constituents of the essential oils of eucalyptus, oregano, and cumin, respectively. Based on the results of this study and similar research, it can be concluded that the application of oregano and cumin essential oils is effective in controlling B. cinerea and can be considered potential substitutes for chemical fungicides in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea. However, to utilize these essential oils for controlling plant pathogens, more comprehensive studies are necessary. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20383.html Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; Begomovirus coheni) is one of the most destructive plant viruses worldwide, causing severe yield losses in tomato fields. In this study, field surveys were conducted in tomato-growing areas of Isfahan, Yazd, and Varamin (central Iran) to detect and investigate the genetic diversity of TYLCV. Leaf samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected, and total DNA was extracted for molecular detection. PCR amplification using V1 gene-specific primers resulted in a ~670 bp fragment in 12 suspected samples, of which seven isolates were selected for sequencing. The obtained sequences were aligned with reference sequences from GenBank, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA11. The results revealed that selected Iranian isolates clustered into two distinct groups within clade I, along with isolates from other parts of the world. Haplotype network analysis further supported these groupings. Notably, phylogenetic placement and strain-level classification of the newly identified isolates showed that all seven Iranian isolates (PV579121–PV579127) clustered within the TYLCV-OM group, forming a distinct lineage. This close genetic relationship suggests a common evolutionary origin and supports the hypothesis that these isolates belong to a region-specific strain adapted to the environmental conditions of central Iran. Genetic diversity analyses revealed significant differences among virus populations from the surveyed regions. Furthermore, neutrality tests (Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D* and F*) and population genetic analyses provided evidence of purifying selection and recent population expansion. One significant recombination event was also detected using RDP4 software. Selection pressure analysis using FEL and MEME methods identified several codons under both positive and negative selection. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive picture of the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of TYLCV in central Iran and offer valuable insights for developing effective regional disease management strategies. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20378.html Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is one the most important pests of fruit-bearing citrus nurseries and orchards in Iran and worldwide. In this study, the efficacy of two doses, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 10% SC, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 1.8% EC, 0.3 ml/l of spirodiclofen SC 24% was compared with control treatment (water) against active stages of citrus red mite. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was done in Thomson orange orchards in the eastern and western regions of the Mazandaran  province in 2021. Sampling of 50 leaves from each treatment was done one day before and 3, 7, 14 and, 21 days after treatment. The results indicated that the efficiency of the treatments of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the western region of the province was 92.3% and 97.4% respectively, three days after treatment and 21 days after treatment was 84.7% and 89.3% respectively. The efficiency of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the eastern region of the province in three days after treatment was 93.1% and 96.6%, respectively, and in 21 days after treatment was 76.2% and 89.6%, respectively. Due to the  use of two doses of abamectin SC and other acaricides, the population of predatory mite decreased by 22-42% at 21 days after  treatment. The comparison of the populations before treatment and 21 days after treatment showed that predatory mites gradually increased their populations after 21 days. Considering that there was no statistical difference between the efficacy of two concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on all days after treatment, and the concentration of 0.1 ml/l was effective in controlling citrus red mite, therefore, the use of a lower concentration of this acaricide (0.1 ml/l) in chemical control against citrus red mite in rotation with other acaricides is recommended. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20880.html Fusarium crown and root rot is one of the most important diseases affecting cucumber crop worldwide. In this study, the inhibitory potential of six selected endophytic bacterial strains including, Staphylococcus sciuri (MarR44), Serratia rubidaea (Mar61-01), Bacillus atrophaeus (DM6120), Bacillus sp. (MarG19), Bacillus sp. (MarH51), and Bacillus sp. (TN16) was evaluated to control this disease in cucumber, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions following a completely randomized design. Under laboratory conditions, the inhibitory effects of these six strains were significant compared to the control in dual-culture, volatile metabolites, non-volatile metabolites, and spore germination assays. In each assay, the bacterial strains S. sciuri (MarR44) with 56%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 75.8%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 11%, and Bacillus sp. (MarH51) with 76.53% exhibited the highest suppression of mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen, respectively. Greenhouse experiments using two methods of seed treatment and soil inoculation with endophytic bacterial strains in pathogen-infested soil demonstrated that the endophytic bacterial strains reduced disease incidence by over 60%. Furthermore, the bacterial strains significantly increased all growth parameters even in the presence of the pathogen as compared to control treatment in both methods. The findings indicated that the endophytic bacterial strains in this study possess considerable potential for suppressing Fusarium crown and root rot in cucumber.  https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20957.html ترکیبات گیاهی به دلیل پتانسیل‌شان در کنترل آفات، به طور فزاینده‌ای مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرند. برخی ترکیبات گیاهی، از قبیل اسانس‌ها، بر هضم و فرآیندهای متابولیکی حشرات گیاهخوار تأثیر می‌گذارند. در پژوهش حاضر اثرات اسانس‌های گیاهی بر مرگ و میر، فیزیولوژی گوارشی و ماکرومولکول‌های ذخیره‌ای Ephestia kuehniella Zeller  بررسی شد. سمیت گوارشی اسانس‌های زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum) و شوید (Anethum graveolens) علیه لاروهای سن چهارم بید آرد ارزیابی شد. مقادیر LC50 و LT50 به ترتیب 26/13 میکرولیتر بر میلی‌لیتر و 28/15 ساعت برای زیره سبز و 15/6 میکرولیتر بر میلی‌لیتر و 39/8 ساعت برای شوید محاسبه شد. در پژوهش حاضر، اسانس A. graveolens در غلظت‌های پایین‌تر و زمان‌های کوتاه‌تر باعث مرگ و میر بیشتری در لاروها شد. فعالیت آنزیم‌های گوارشی (به جز لیپاز) در حشرات تغذیه شده با رژیم غذایی آغشته شده به هر دو اسانس، به طور قابل توجهی کاهش یافت. علاوه بر این، مقادیر پروتئین، تری آسیل گلیسرول و گلیکوژن (به عنوان ذخایر انرژی حشرات در معرض قرار گرفته) به طور قابل توجهی کمتر بود، که نشان دهنده کاهش این ذخایر به دلیل هزینه‌های انرژی تحمیل شده توسط این دو اسانس است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که اسانس A. graveolens نسبت به C. cyminum روی لاروهای E. kuehniella مؤثرتر است و فرآیندهای حیاتی گوارش را مختل می‌کند، که می‌تواند به خواص حشره‌کشی آنها کمک کند. با این حال، مطالعات بیشتری برای گسترش تکنیک‌های کپسوله کردن ترکیبات مشتق‌شده از گیاهان برای افزایش پایداری و اثربخشی مورد نیاز است. https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21497.html Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is one of the destructive diseases of almond trees. Due to the harmful effects of chemical compounds, researchers are seeking suitable alternatives for these compounds; one of these solutions is the use of essential oils and natural compounds, which, in addition to not having phytotoxic effects on plants, are not harmful to human and animal health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the effect of essential oils of lavender, mountain thyme, mountain oregano, Cardueae and red root amaranth, along with the chemical compound Bordofix, on inhibiting the growth of Pss bacteria and suppressing the symptoms of Pss-induced leaf spot under laboratory conditions. In the bacterial growth inhibition test, mountain thyme essential oil at concentrations of 500 and 750 mg/L with 79.8% and 82.38% inhibition, respectively, and lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L with 78.30% inhibition, showed the highest inhibition, which were not significantly different from Bordofix 500 mg/L. The greatest reduction in leaf spot symptoms in this study was related to mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L, which, with a 69.66% reduction in leaf spot symptoms, showed a significant difference compared to the Bordofix treatment at a concentration of 500 mg/L; also, lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L and mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 500 mg/L did not show a significant difference in suppressing bacterial leaf spot symptoms. Based on the results of the aforementioned research, it is suggested that by preparing suitable formulations of mountain thyme and lavender essential oils and using them as alternatives to Bordofix, can be taken as effective steps towards managing almond bacterial canker disease and promoting environmental health.