University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2025 12 22 Evaluation of the antifungal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles and essential oils of oregano, cumin and eucalyptus against the causative agent of gray mold disease of grape Evaluation of the antifungal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles and essential oils of oregano, cumin and eucalyptus against the causative agent of gray mold disease of grape 297 307 20878 10.22034/arpp.2025.20878 FA Abolfazl Narmani Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Zahra Mahdizadeh Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Amir Hossein Akbari Allameh Tabatabaei Brilliant Talents High School, Bonab, Iran Farshad Setareh Allameh Tabatabaei Brilliant Talents High School, Bonab, Iran Arman Yazdani Allameh Tabatabaei Brilliant Talents High School, Bonab, Iran Mobin Koofei Allameh Tabatabaei Brilliant Talents High School, Bonab, Iran Mahdi Arzanlou Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Hosein Hatef Heris Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 05 The gray mold disease of grapes, caused by the Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important grape diseases, leading to substantial economic losses annually. Today, synthetic chemical pesticides are widely used to control plant pathogens. However, their use is often limited due to environmental issues, pesticide residues, health concerns, and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains. Therefore, in the present study, to find safe alternatives to synthetic chemical compounds, the antifungal activity of essential oils from several plant species, including oregano, cumin, eucalyptus, and copper oxide nanoparticles, together with the fungicides Luna (Trifloxystrobin+Fluopyram) and Topas (Penconazole), was investigated against B. cinerea under in vitro conditions. The identification of the components of the essential oils was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that oregano essential oil at a concentration of 1000 ppm exhibited the highest inhibition rate (71.42%), while the Luna fungicide at a concentration of 62.5 ppm showed the lowest inhibition rate (1.7%). Additionally, GC-MS analysis revealed that α-Pinene, Pulegone, and β-Pinene were the major constituents of the essential oils of eucalyptus, oregano, and cumin, respectively. Based on the results of this study and similar research, it can be concluded that the application of oregano and cumin essential oils is effective in controlling B. cinerea and can be considered potential substitutes for chemical fungicides in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea. However, to utilize these essential oils for controlling plant pathogens, more comprehensive studies are necessary. The gray mold disease of grapes, caused by the Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important grape diseases, leading to substantial economic losses annually. Today, synthetic chemical pesticides are widely used to control plant pathogens. However, their use is often limited due to environmental issues, pesticide residues, health concerns, and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains. Therefore, in the present study, to find safe alternatives to synthetic chemical compounds, the antifungal activity of essential oils from several plant species, including oregano, cumin, eucalyptus, and copper oxide nanoparticles, together with the fungicides Luna (Trifloxystrobin+Fluopyram) and Topas (Penconazole), was investigated against B. cinerea under in vitro conditions. The identification of the components of the essential oils was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that oregano essential oil at a concentration of 1000 ppm exhibited the highest inhibition rate (71.42%), while the Luna fungicide at a concentration of 62.5 ppm showed the lowest inhibition rate (1.7%). Additionally, GC-MS analysis revealed that α-Pinene, Pulegone, and β-Pinene were the major constituents of the essential oils of eucalyptus, oregano, and cumin, respectively. Based on the results of this study and similar research, it can be concluded that the application of oregano and cumin essential oils is effective in controlling B. cinerea and can be considered potential substitutes for chemical fungicides in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea. However, to utilize these essential oils for controlling plant pathogens, more comprehensive studies are necessary.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20878_d1297f57245345e5fdc302e68e8268de.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2025 12 22 Molecular identification, analysis, and sequencing of the coat protein gene of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato fields from selected regions of Iran Molecular identification, analysis, and sequencing of the coat protein gene of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato fields from selected regions of Iran 309 327 20383 10.22034/arpp.2025.20383 FA Nesa Razavi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Narjes Maleki Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Davoud KOOLIVAND Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2025 09 21 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; Begomovirus coheni) is one of the most destructive plant viruses worldwide, causing severe yield losses in tomato fields. In this study, field surveys were conducted in tomato-growing areas of Isfahan, Yazd, and Varamin (central Iran) to detect and investigate the genetic diversity of TYLCV. Leaf samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected, and total DNA was extracted for molecular detection. PCR amplification using V1 gene-specific primers resulted in a ~670 bp fragment in 12 suspected samples, of which seven isolates were selected for sequencing. The obtained sequences were aligned with reference sequences from GenBank, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA11. The results revealed that selected Iranian isolates clustered into two distinct groups within clade I, along with isolates from other parts of the world. Haplotype network analysis further supported these groupings. Notably, phylogenetic placement and strain-level classification of the newly identified isolates showed that all seven Iranian isolates (PV579121–PV579127) clustered within the TYLCV-OM group, forming a distinct lineage. This close genetic relationship suggests a common evolutionary origin and supports the hypothesis that these isolates belong to a region-specific strain adapted to the environmental conditions of central Iran. Genetic diversity analyses revealed significant differences among virus populations from the surveyed regions. Furthermore, neutrality tests (Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D* and F*) and population genetic analyses provided evidence of purifying selection and recent population expansion. One significant recombination event was also detected using RDP4 software. Selection pressure analysis using FEL and MEME methods identified several codons under both positive and negative selection. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive picture of the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of TYLCV in central Iran and offer valuable insights for developing effective regional disease management strategies. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; Begomovirus coheni) is one of the most destructive plant viruses worldwide, causing severe yield losses in tomato fields. In this study, field surveys were conducted in tomato-growing areas of Isfahan, Yazd, and Varamin (central Iran) to detect and investigate the genetic diversity of TYLCV. Leaf samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected, and total DNA was extracted for molecular detection. PCR amplification using V1 gene-specific primers resulted in a ~670 bp fragment in 12 suspected samples, of which seven isolates were selected for sequencing. The obtained sequences were aligned with reference sequences from GenBank, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA11. The results revealed that selected Iranian isolates clustered into two distinct groups within clade I, along with isolates from other parts of the world. Haplotype network analysis further supported these groupings. Notably, phylogenetic placement and strain-level classification of the newly identified isolates showed that all seven Iranian isolates (PV579121–PV579127) clustered within the TYLCV-OM group, forming a distinct lineage. This close genetic relationship suggests a common evolutionary origin and supports the hypothesis that these isolates belong to a region-specific strain adapted to the environmental conditions of central Iran. Genetic diversity analyses revealed significant differences among virus populations from the surveyed regions. Furthermore, neutrality tests (Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D* and F*) and population genetic analyses provided evidence of purifying selection and recent population expansion. One significant recombination event was also detected using RDP4 software. Selection pressure analysis using FEL and MEME methods identified several codons under both positive and negative selection. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive picture of the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of TYLCV in central Iran and offer valuable insights for developing effective regional disease management strategies.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20383_544285ec302e11cea160bba496b6c3d2.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2025 12 22 Efficacy of abamectin 10% SC formulation compared to 1.8% EC formulation and spirodiclofen 24% SC acaricide on citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) and predatory mites in mazandaran province Efficacy of abamectin 10% SC formulation compared to 1.8% EC formulation and spirodiclofen 24% SC acaricide on citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) and predatory mites in mazandaran province 329 338 20378 10.22034/arpp.2025.20378 FA Moloud GholamzadehChitgar Plant Protection Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran Shabanali Mafi Pashakolaei Plant Protection Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 06 Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is one the most important pests of fruit-bearing citrus nurseries and orchards in Iran and worldwide. In this study, the efficacy of two doses, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 10% SC, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 1.8% EC, 0.3 ml/l of spirodiclofen SC 24% was compared with control treatment (water) against active stages of citrus red mite. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was done in Thomson orange orchards in the eastern and western regions of the Mazandaran province in 2021. Sampling of 50 leaves from each treatment was done one day before and 3, 7, 14 and, 21 days after treatment. The results indicated that the efficiency of the treatments of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the western region of the province was 92.3% and 97.4% respectively, three days after treatment and 21 days after treatment was 84.7% and 89.3% respectively. The efficiency of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the eastern region of the province in three days after treatment was 93.1% and 96.6%, respectively, and in 21 days after treatment was 76.2% and 89.6%, respectively. Due to the use of two doses of abamectin SC and other acaricides, the population of predatory mite decreased by 22-42% at 21 days after treatment. The comparison of the populations before treatment and 21 days after treatment showed that predatory mites gradually increased their populations after 21 days. Considering that there was no statistical difference between the efficacy of two concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on all days after treatment, and the concentration of 0.1 ml/l was effective in controlling citrus red mite, therefore, the use of a lower concentration of this acaricide (0.1 ml/l) in chemical control against citrus red mite in rotation with other acaricides is recommended. Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is one the most important pests of fruit-bearing citrus nurseries and orchards in Iran and worldwide. In this study, the efficacy of two doses, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 10% SC, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin 1.8% EC, 0.3 ml/l of spirodiclofen SC 24% was compared with control treatment (water) against active stages of citrus red mite. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was done in Thomson orange orchards in the eastern and western regions of the Mazandaran province in 2021. Sampling of 50 leaves from each treatment was done one day before and 3, 7, 14 and, 21 days after treatment. The results indicated that the efficiency of the treatments of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the western region of the province was 92.3% and 97.4% respectively, three days after treatment and 21 days after treatment was 84.7% and 89.3% respectively. The efficiency of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on citrus red mite in the eastern region of the province in three days after treatment was 93.1% and 96.6%, respectively, and in 21 days after treatment was 76.2% and 89.6%, respectively. Due to the use of two doses of abamectin SC and other acaricides, the population of predatory mite decreased by 22-42% at 21 days after treatment. The comparison of the populations before treatment and 21 days after treatment showed that predatory mites gradually increased their populations after 21 days. Considering that there was no statistical difference between the efficacy of two concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 ml/l of abamectin SC on all days after treatment, and the concentration of 0.1 ml/l was effective in controlling citrus red mite, therefore, the use of a lower concentration of this acaricide (0.1 ml/l) in chemical control against citrus red mite in rotation with other acaricides is recommended.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20378_125a8ca7e25c57821f442b023f614ecf.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2025 12 22 Biocontrol of Fusarium crown and root rot of cucumber using selected endophytic bacteria under laboratory and greenhouse conditions Biocontrol of Fusarium crown and root rot of cucumber using selected endophytic bacteria under laboratory and greenhouse conditions 341 354 20880 10.22034/arpp.2025.20880 FA Jahanshir Amini Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Kurdisan University, Sanandaj, Iran Mohsen Saedpanah Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Kurdisan University, Sanandaj, Iran Zahra Alijani Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Kurdisan University, Sanandaj, Iran Kaivan Karimi Department of Plant Protection, Safiabad Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resources center, Dezful. Iran Journal Article 2025 06 13 Fusarium crown and root rot is one of the most important diseases affecting cucumber crop worldwide. In this study, the inhibitory potential of six selected endophytic bacterial strains including, Staphylococcus sciuri (MarR44), Serratia rubidaea (Mar61-01), Bacillus atrophaeus (DM6120), Bacillus sp. (MarG19), Bacillus sp. (MarH51), and Bacillus sp. (TN16) was evaluated to control this disease in cucumber, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions following a completely randomized design. Under laboratory conditions, the inhibitory effects of these six strains were significant compared to the control in dual-culture, volatile metabolites, non-volatile metabolites, and spore germination assays. In each assay, the bacterial strains S. sciuri (MarR44) with 56%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 75.8%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 11%, and Bacillus sp. (MarH51) with 76.53% exhibited the highest suppression of mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen, respectively. Greenhouse experiments using two methods of seed treatment and soil inoculation with endophytic bacterial strains in pathogen-infested soil demonstrated that the endophytic bacterial strains reduced disease incidence by over 60%. Furthermore, the bacterial strains significantly increased all growth parameters even in the presence of the pathogen as compared to control treatment in both methods. The findings indicated that the endophytic bacterial strains in this study possess considerable potential for suppressing Fusarium crown and root rot in cucumber. Fusarium crown and root rot is one of the most important diseases affecting cucumber crop worldwide. In this study, the inhibitory potential of six selected endophytic bacterial strains including, Staphylococcus sciuri (MarR44), Serratia rubidaea (Mar61-01), Bacillus atrophaeus (DM6120), Bacillus sp. (MarG19), Bacillus sp. (MarH51), and Bacillus sp. (TN16) was evaluated to control this disease in cucumber, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions following a completely randomized design. Under laboratory conditions, the inhibitory effects of these six strains were significant compared to the control in dual-culture, volatile metabolites, non-volatile metabolites, and spore germination assays. In each assay, the bacterial strains S. sciuri (MarR44) with 56%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 75.8%, S. rubidaea (Mar61-01) with 11%, and Bacillus sp. (MarH51) with 76.53% exhibited the highest suppression of mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen, respectively. Greenhouse experiments using two methods of seed treatment and soil inoculation with endophytic bacterial strains in pathogen-infested soil demonstrated that the endophytic bacterial strains reduced disease incidence by over 60%. Furthermore, the bacterial strains significantly increased all growth parameters even in the presence of the pathogen as compared to control treatment in both methods. The findings indicated that the endophytic bacterial strains in this study possess considerable potential for suppressing Fusarium crown and root rot in cucumber.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20880_1f4cd6246908bc23f5c9f0063c70f292.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2026 06 29 Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Cuminum cyminum and Anethum graveolens against Ephestia kuehniella: toxicity and biochemical assays Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Cuminum cyminum and Anethum graveolens against Ephestia kuehniella: toxicity and biochemical assays 357 371 20957 10.22034/arpp.2025.20957 FA Morteza Shahriari Department of Plant Protection Research, Sistan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran Najmeh Sahebzadeh Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol Arash Zibaee Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Mansoor Sarani Department of Plant Protection Research, Sistan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran Najmeh Mollashahi Department of Plant Protection Research, Sistan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran Journal Article 1404 05 04 Botanical compounds are increasingly investigated for their potential in pest control. Several botanical compounds, including essential oils (EOs), are recognized to affect the digestion and metabolic processes of insect herbivores. This study examines the effects of plant EOs on mortality, digestive physiology, and storage macromolecules of Ephestia kuehniella. Oral toxicity of Cuminum cyminum and Anethum graveolens EOs were investigated against the fourth instar larvae of E. kuehniella. The LC50 and LT50 values were recorded 13.26 μL/mL and 15.28 h for C. cyminum and 6.15 μL/mL and 8.39 h for A. graveolens, respectively. In the present study, A. graveolens EO at lower concentrations and shorter times caused higher larval mortality. Activities of digestive enzymes, except for lipase, were significantly reduced in the insects fed on treated diet by both EOs. Additionally, the amounts of protein, triacylglycerol, and glycogen as energy reserves were markedly lower in the exposed insects, indicating depletion due to energetic costs imposed by this two EOs. The findings suggest that the A. graveolens EO is more effective than C. cyminum on the E. kuehniella larvae and disrupt critical digestive processes in, which may contribute to their insecticidal properties. However, further studies are needed to expand advanced plant derivative compounds-based encapsulation techniques to increase the stability, and efficacy. Botanical compounds are increasingly investigated for their potential in pest control. Several botanical compounds, including essential oils (EOs), are recognized to affect the digestion and metabolic processes of insect herbivores. This study examines the effects of plant EOs on mortality, digestive physiology, and storage macromolecules of Ephestia kuehniella. Oral toxicity of Cuminum cyminum and Anethum graveolens EOs were investigated against the fourth instar larvae of E. kuehniella. The LC50 and LT50 values were recorded 13.26 μL/mL and 15.28 h for C. cyminum and 6.15 μL/mL and 8.39 h for A. graveolens, respectively. In the present study, A. graveolens EO at lower concentrations and shorter times caused higher larval mortality. Activities of digestive enzymes, except for lipase, were significantly reduced in the insects fed on treated diet by both EOs. Additionally, the amounts of protein, triacylglycerol, and glycogen as energy reserves were markedly lower in the exposed insects, indicating depletion due to energetic costs imposed by this two EOs. The findings suggest that the A. graveolens EO is more effective than C. cyminum on the E. kuehniella larvae and disrupt critical digestive processes in, which may contribute to their insecticidal properties. However, further studies are needed to expand advanced plant derivative compounds-based encapsulation techniques to increase the stability, and efficacy.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20957_ac4bd533715c192ac1ad0f8b746482d8.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 2383-1855 14 4 2025 12 22 Effect of plant essential oils on pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, the causal agent of bacterial canker of almond Effect of plant essential oils on pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, the causal agent of bacterial canker of almond 373 384 21497 10.22034/arpp.2025.21497 FA Mohammad Reza Arzhang Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran Jalal Gholamnezhad 1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran Azam Jafari Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran Heidar Meftahizadeh Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 30 Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is one of the destructive diseases of almond trees. Due to the harmful effects of chemical compounds, researchers are seeking suitable alternatives for these compounds; one of these solutions is the use of essential oils and natural compounds, which, in addition to not having phytotoxic effects on plants, are not harmful to human and animal health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the effect of essential oils of lavender, mountain thyme, mountain oregano, Cardueae and red root amaranth, along with the chemical compound Bordofix, on inhibiting the growth of Pss bacteria and suppressing the symptoms of Pss-induced leaf spot under laboratory conditions. In the bacterial growth inhibition test, mountain thyme essential oil at concentrations of 500 and 750 mg/L with 79.8% and 82.38% inhibition, respectively, and lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L with 78.30% inhibition, showed the highest inhibition, which were not significantly different from Bordofix 500 mg/L. The greatest reduction in leaf spot symptoms in this study was related to mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L, which, with a 69.66% reduction in leaf spot symptoms, showed a significant difference compared to the Bordofix treatment at a concentration of 500 mg/L; also, lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L and mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 500 mg/L did not show a significant difference in suppressing bacterial leaf spot symptoms. Based on the results of the aforementioned research, it is suggested that by preparing suitable formulations of mountain thyme and lavender essential oils and using them as alternatives to Bordofix, can be taken as effective steps towards managing almond bacterial canker disease and promoting environmental health. Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is one of the destructive diseases of almond trees. Due to the harmful effects of chemical compounds, researchers are seeking suitable alternatives for these compounds; one of these solutions is the use of essential oils and natural compounds, which, in addition to not having phytotoxic effects on plants, are not harmful to human and animal health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the effect of essential oils of lavender, mountain thyme, mountain oregano, Cardueae and red root amaranth, along with the chemical compound Bordofix, on inhibiting the growth of Pss bacteria and suppressing the symptoms of Pss-induced leaf spot under laboratory conditions. In the bacterial growth inhibition test, mountain thyme essential oil at concentrations of 500 and 750 mg/L with 79.8% and 82.38% inhibition, respectively, and lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L with 78.30% inhibition, showed the highest inhibition, which were not significantly different from Bordofix 500 mg/L. The greatest reduction in leaf spot symptoms in this study was related to mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L, which, with a 69.66% reduction in leaf spot symptoms, showed a significant difference compared to the Bordofix treatment at a concentration of 500 mg/L; also, lavender essential oil at a concentration of 750 mg/L and mountain thyme essential oil at a concentration of 500 mg/L did not show a significant difference in suppressing bacterial leaf spot symptoms. Based on the results of the aforementioned research, it is suggested that by preparing suitable formulations of mountain thyme and lavender essential oils and using them as alternatives to Bordofix, can be taken as effective steps towards managing almond bacterial canker disease and promoting environmental health.

https://arpp.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21497_0870be1263da58b87af781c61d2ba526.pdf